The Scandinavian Church was subordained to the German archbishop in Hamburg-Bremen, which was a thorn in the side of Scandinavian rulers, since they might thus be thought of as subjects of the German emperor. They preferred a church independent of foreign powers and worked with the pope to accomplish this. The many schisms between the pope and the German emperor (often supported by the archbishop in Bremen) in the late eleventh and twelfth centuries helped their cause, and Pope Paschal II promoted the bishop of Lund in Denmark to archbishop in 1103. The Scandinavian Church had thus come of age and become independent of Hamburg-Bremen.
Church
Fazla Yardımseverlik İyi mi Şovmenlik mi?
Pierre d’Ailly De Reformatione adlı kitabında kiliselerin, bayramların, azizlerin, kutsal günlerin sürekli artmasından şikayet eder. İmgelerin ve resimlerin çoğalmasına, ayinlerin uzun ve sıkıcı oluşuna, yeni yeni ilahilerin ve duaların icat edilmesine, ibadetlerin ve oruçların artışına karşı çıkar. Kısacası, onu kaygılandıran şey gereksiz bir çokluk belasıdır. D’Ailly çok fazla tarikatın zuhur ettiğini ve bunun da adetlerin çeşitlenmesine, dışlayıcılığa, rekabete, kibre ve gösterişe yol açtığını söylemektedir. Her yere manastırlar inşa ediliyordu, ama ortada yeterli mali kaynak yoktu. Pierre d’Ailly bütün bu uygulamalardaki kutsal ve dinsel yanı eleştirmiyor, sadece onların durmadan artmasından yakınıyor ve kilisenin bunca teferruat yükünün altında ezildiğini düşünüyordu.
Fazla tarikat ve yardım kuruluşu efektifliği düşürüyor, amaç hayırdan ziyade şova dönüşüyor. Artan bayramlar vs de dinin önemini azaltıyor, bayramların özelliği kalmıyor. Fazla tarikat da olası fazla heretik düşünce demek.
Papa Kendini Patriarchlar Arasında Birinci Görüyor
The Byzantines, for whom matters of doctrine could be settled only by an Ecumenical Council, were scandalized by the presumption of the Pope who was, in their view, merely primus inter pares among the Patriarchs in formulating dogma and claiming both spiritual and temporal supremacy; while to the legalistic and disciplined minds of Rome the old Greek love of theological speculation was repugnant and occasionally shocking. Since the Photian schism two centuries before, friendly relations had been outwardly restored; but the basic problems remained unsolved.
Quakers Ortaya Çıkışı
Under the leadership of George Fox (1624–94) and his wife, Margaret Fell Fox (1614–1702), the Society of Friends – called “Quakers” by their detractors because they sometimes shook when “moved by the spirit” – also stressed equality among Christians, going so far as to suggest that women should have the right to preach and minister to others if they had the spirit.
Leveller Ortaya Çıkışı
A group who called themselves Levellers, primarily members of the army, advocated abolishing the House of Lords and extending the vote to all adult males, instead of only those with a certain amount of property; this political egalitarianism disturbed most members of Parliament.
Puritan Ortaya Çıkışı
Some of the gentry and many urban residents, especially in London, were also dissatisfied with the Church of England established by Henry VIII and affirmed by Elizabeth. They thought that the church, with its hierarchical structure of bishops and elaborate ceremonies, was still too close to Roman Catholicism, and they wanted to “purify” it of what they saw as vestiges of Catholicism. These “Puritans,” as they became known, had become increasingly vocal toward the end of Elizabeth’s reign, and they expected James, who had been raised in Presbyterian Scotland, to support them. Instead he viewed the hierarchy of bishops as a key support for royal power, stating flatly, “no bishop, no king.”
Matbaacıların Luther’in Tezlerini Basması
Luther was ordered to come to Rome, which he was able to avoid because of the political situation in the Holy Roman Empire, but he did engage in formal scholarly debate with a representative of the church, Johann Eck, at Leipzig in 1519. He refused to take back his statements, and continued to develop his reform ideas, publicizing these in a series of pamphlets in which he moved further and further away from Catholic theology. Luther clearly understood the power of the new medium of print, and so authorized the publication of his works, which turned his ideas into a movement. Printers also quickly realized that Luther would sell, so they printed additional unauthorized versions of his more popular works as fast as they could.
Kilise Gladyatör Arenaların Kapatılma Sebebi
Likewise, it was the Church and the teachings of Christ that helped to abolish the gladiatorial contests, in which men fought each other to the death as a form of entertainment. Such trivialization of human life could not have been more at odds with the Catholic emphasis on the dignity and worth of each individual.
Fransız İhtilali ile Manastırlar Gidince Eğitim Sağlık Düşüyor
Just as the sixteenth-century attack on the monasteries by the Crown debilitated the network of charity that those institutions had supported, the French Revolution’s eighteenth-century attack on the Church likewise struck at the source of so much good work. In November 1789, the revolutionary French government nationalized (that is, confiscated) Church property. The archbishop of Aix en Provence warned that such an act of theft threatened educational and welfare provisions for the French people. He was right, of course. In 1847, France had 47 percent fewer hospitals than in the year of the confiscation, and in 1799 the 50,000 students enrolled in universities ten years earlier had dwindled to a mere 12,000
Monklar Sayesinde Şarap Üretimi Coşuyor
The monks also pioneered in the production of wine, which they used both for the celebration of Holy Mass and for ordinary consumption, which the Rule of Saint Benedict expressly permitted.