The Scandinavian Church was subordained to the German archbishop in Hamburg-Bremen, which was a thorn in the side of Scandinavian rulers, since they might thus be thought of as subjects of the German emperor. They preferred a church independent of foreign powers and worked with the pope to accomplish this. The many schisms between the pope and the German emperor (often supported by the archbishop in Bremen) in the late eleventh and twelfth centuries helped their cause, and Pope Paschal II promoted the bishop of Lund in Denmark to archbishop in 1103. The Scandinavian Church had thus come of age and become independent of Hamburg-Bremen.