the sermons be preached to potential crusaders on key dates in the church calendar, such as Good Friday – the day was chosen because religious feeling should be high and the churches would be full.
Kitap: Britain Ireland and the Crusades c.1000-1300
Haçlı Seferlerinin Siyasi Amaçlarla Kullanımı
Throughout the twelfth century, the language of crusading and the idea of just conflict arose in the political arena. In 1135, when Roger II of Sicily supported the antipope Anacletus II, Pope Innocent II declared that anyone fighting against Christianity’s enemies (i.e., Roger) would gain the same indulgence as those who had taken part in the First Crusade. It was, though, under the pontificate of Innocent III that the papacy began to call crusades to fight against political opponents within Europe on the grounds that they were threatening the papal states.7 This politicisation of the crusade was made clear in 1198, when Innocent III declared a crusade against Markward of Anweiler, opponent of the papal claim to hold the regency of Sicily. The dispute between Markward and the pope was largely political, though Innocent was trying to organise a crusade at the time and felt that Markward was hindering this, making a crusade against him justifiable.
Kral David I’in İskoçya’yı Avrupalılaştırması
from the reign of David I (1113–24) to that of Alexander III, the Scottish court also enjoyed several periods of favourable relations with England. This allowed the king to expand his authority. Part of this expansion involved the ‘Europeanization’ of Scotland. David I in particular, who spent several years at the English court, was singled out as favouring the Norman French at his court, and he made grants to Anglo-Normans (the Norman settlers in England) and the new international orders of Templars and Hospitallers, as well as other orders such as the Augustinians and Cistercians. He introduced the first royal coinage struck in his name, which helped to move Scotland from a barter-based to a cash economy. David’s decision to embrace European changes reflected his links to England and the continent.
Kral Edward’ın Haçlı Seferi ve Galler Savaşı
Henry III (1216–72) was not militarily skilled or ruthless like his father, but he was a very pious king – a fact reflected in his reverence for St Edward and Westminster Abbey as well as his interest in the crusades.4 This interest in crusading partially fuelled disaffection among his barons in the 1260s; they rebelled against him and established alternative rule under Simon de Montfort. His son and heir, Edward, however, ably supported Henry, and after the defeat of Simon de Montfort peace was restored. Although the peace was not perfect, it was sufficient for Edward and his brother Edmund to join the crusade of Louis IX in 1270. It was while on crusade, in 1272, that Edward learned that his father had died. As Edward I, he was quick to stamp his authority on England and the rulers of Wales and Scotland, demanding the submission of the Welsh prince Llywelyn ap Gruffydd. The prince’s refusal sparked a war between Edward and the prince of Gwynedd. Although this first war did not see all-out conquest by Edward, a second war sparked by Dafydd ap Gruffydd’s attack on Hawarden Castle in 1282 brought about the end of Welsh independence.
Britanya’nın Haçlı Tutumu
However, for the most part, these crusades were not popular in Britain and Ireland, and the Holy Land continued to exert the strongest pull, perhaps because people in Britain and Ireland did not have to face enemies of Christianity within or along their own borders, unlike those in France, Spain, Hungary and Scandinavia, where Muslims or pagans lived in near proximity. In these areas there was perhaps a broader appreciation of what a crusade actually was, how it could be employed, and what it might achieve, and as a result there may have been an increased willingness to engage with a wider selection of crusading ‘areas’ than there was among the people from Britain and Ireland.