Throughout the twelfth century, the language of crusading and the idea of just conflict arose in the political arena. In 1135, when Roger II of Sicily supported the antipope Anacletus II, Pope Innocent II declared that anyone fighting against Christianity’s enemies (i.e., Roger) would gain the same indulgence as those who had taken part in the First Crusade. It was, though, under the pontificate of Innocent III that the papacy began to call crusades to fight against political opponents within Europe on the grounds that they were threatening the papal states.7 This politicisation of the crusade was made clear in 1198, when Innocent III declared a crusade against Markward of Anweiler, opponent of the papal claim to hold the regency of Sicily. The dispute between Markward and the pope was largely political, though Innocent was trying to organise a crusade at the time and felt that Markward was hindering this, making a crusade against him justifiable.