The first written sources also make it clear that early Mesopotamian populations understood the principle of “contagion” that spread epidemic disease. Where possible, they took steps to quarantine the first discernible cases, confining them to their quarters, letting no one out and no one in. They understood that long-distance travelers, traders, and soldiers were likely carriers of disease.
Administration
Fatih William ile Kale Lordluğun Sembolü Oluyor
William himself headed north, securing further rebel lands and building castles at Nottingham and York. On his way back south, he did the same at Lincoln, Cambridge and Huntingdon. Slowly but surely, the castle was becoming the symbol of Norman lordship – and the key to controlling the new colony. For castles could be held by a handful of trained men, enabling the small Norman elite to dominate a much larger English population with relative ease.
Ortaçağ Sıcak İkliminin Etkisi
From around the year 1000 Europe’s population boomed, in tandem with a surge in agricultural production. The Medieval Climate Optimum was kind to farmers, and huge new tracts of land were brought under the plough through forest clearances and marsh-draining. Territory was seized from itinerant, pagan Slavs and put under Christian ploughs – a process which started with the Carolingians and continued under the crusaders.24 New farming technologies were developed, with heavy ploughs improving soil quality and the ‘three-field’ crop rotation system preventing soil exhaustion. Shipbuilding also improved, making long voyages by sea safer and faster – whether those voyages were for Viking-style slave-taking and monastery-plundering or buying and selling goods in foreign markets. And from the time of Charlemagne onwards, western Christian monarchs slowly began to stake their claims to ever-larger kingdoms, subjecting them to deeper mechanisms of royal control and governance which (in theory at least) made longer overland trading journeys safer and more secure.
Vikinglerde Legitimacy Mevzusu
any man with royal blood can become king. This is why succession disputes and civil wars are so common. Kings must be good warriors to have any chance of holding on to their thrones. They also need wealth to attract (and keep) a loyal retinue of household warriors. This is the hirð: both royal bodyguard and core of the royal army.
Kralın Vague Konuşması
However, the throng of petitioners necessitated drastic reticence in speech. Habsburg Emperor Charles V warned his son that promises made on the spur of the moment returned with a vengeance. It is no coincidence that we often read about kings expressing themselves in the vaguest of terms: ‘Justice shall be done’, or ‘We shall see’.
Kilise Vergisine Karşı Tutum
the papacy shared the profits. What monarchs and bishops alike wanted “was not the elimination of the charges, but their own cut. A considerable share of ‘papal’ exactions actually stayed in local pockets, clerical and lay
Kralların Güçlenmesinde Haçlı Etkisi
The Crusades were not only called by the papacy, but they also provided a model for European rulers: “the scale of the crusading enterprise taught kings how to mobilize the resources of their countries, and the pope’s authorization of the taxation even of the clergy for the purposes of the crusade made them aware of their powers”