The first, baldest truth was that the governing classes acknowledged that a poll tax was foolish and unfair. The November 1381 parliament fudged its way to a new funding of war and national defence that derived from a long-term tax on trade. No direct, regressive attempt at widening the tax base was seen for several generations, and when it was, under Henry VII in 1497, there was another rebellion against the government. The English have always hated poll taxes, and probably always will.
Administration
Veba Sonrası İşçilik Fiyatına Alınan Önlemler
in England the economic effects of the plague worried the government just as much. In 1349 Edward III rushed out a royal command-the Ordinance of Labourers. ‘Because a great part of the people, and especially of workmen and servants, late[ly] died of the pestilence,’ read the proclamation, ‘many seeing the necessity of masters, and great scarcity of servants, will not serve unless they may receive excessive wages.’ In other words plague survivors could suddenly become rich. Having scrabbled for work in an employers’ market before the Black Death, the English lower orders could suddenly name their price. This was very worrying. The official response-ratified in the 1351 parliament as the Statute of Labourers-was to set up a rigorous system of wage and price fixing, setting out maximum daily rates of pay for almost every profession imaginable.
Vikingde Ormanı Kontrol Etmek=Sosyal Statü
The control of timber and woodland labour was thus linked to status and social standing, with a potential influence on power relationships in the community.
Vikinglerde Tek Lider Yoktu
There was no ‘king of the Vikings’, no single person with whom the English could negotiate. Even in Frankia, when emissaries sought the leader of a Viking army, the response came that they had none, but made their decisions collectively.
Benzer durum irlanda şeflerinde de geçerli
Act of Union ile Britanya Deniz Gücü Oluyor
Navy ships now flew a new flag – the Union Jack, which combined the English cross of St George and the Scottish saltire. That meant that one major part of the Navy’s role – guarding England’s back door from Scottish attack – had come to an end. Up until the coming of the Stuarts the English could never truly think of themselves as an island people because they shared their landmass with an inveterate enemy. But now England was without question the dominant power in its archipelago. This hardened the island mentality and freed its ambitions to become a global, rather than a regional power.
Tudor Devrinde İrlanda’nın Haritalanması
In the decades after the Kildare rebellion, the priority of the Tudor regime was to secure its control over Ireland. A concrete indication of this was revealed by the growth of cartography, as the English administration sought to quantify their knowledge of the island that they wished to bring under firmer control. New and often beautifully detailed maps of Ireland were created throughout the sixteenth century by English cartographers
Kralın Papaya İtaat Etmemesinin Riski
If the king could shrug off his obedience to the pope, why couldn’t ordinary people deal with their superiors in a similar manner? As we have already seen in the case of Clement Armstrong, some reckoned they could.
Yolculuk Hızının Artmasıyla Merkezi Otorite Güçlendi
The rise in travelling speeds subtly shifted the balance of power away from territorial lords and towards central government. This is a trend which has continued to affect governments and nations ever since. The speed of information thus created a demand for more information.
As Bishop Martival’s register indicates, only 1 per cent of high-status messages moved at more than 40 miles per day. But this changed over the period. Why? The clock. You may recall Thomas Platter and his friends rushing to Dover in 1599 at a rate of 10 mph – the sort of speed at which a Mongol emperor would hope to hear of a rebellion in one of his provinces. Why were they in such a hurry? To catch a boat. Or, to be exact, to make sure they had time to conduct some business before they caught a boat to cross the Channel. They were organising their days according to a timetable.
Verginin Bittiği Yerde Barbarlar Başlar
For the Chinese as for the Roman, the barbarians and tribes began precisely where taxes and sovereignty stopped.
Bu ikisi imparatorluk ve vergilendirme var. Bunların sınırlarının ötesi ise tribal kekomançiler.
Antik Çağda Şehirleşmeye Elverişli Toprak
Only the richest soils were productive enough per hectare to sustain a large population in a compact area and to produce a taxable surplus. In practice this meant loess (wind deposited) or alluvial (flood deposited) soils. Alluvia, the historic gift of the annual floods of the Tigris and Euphrates and their tributaries, were the sites of state making in Mesopotamia: no alluvium, no state.