The second chief vice concerning church reformers, clerical marriages and fornication, was referred to as nicolaitism. The term derived from the Nicolaitans, a heretical sect accused of sexual promiscuity referred to in the book of Revelation (2:6, 2:14–15). The eleventh-century reformers, in turn, used the term Nicolaites to refer indiscriminately to married clergymen, clerics who kept concubines or frequented prostitutes, and, in general, to all monks, priests, or other members of the clergy who were in any way sexually active. A resurgence in calls for clerical celibacy can be seen as early as the 1022 synod of Pavia held jointly by Pope Benedict VII and Emperor Henry II. There, all women were excluded from the houses of priests, and married clergy, including bishops, were deposed. The children and possibly the wives of clerics were to become serfs of the cleric’s manor. Behind such legislation lay a concern regarding the loss of church property to the families of priests.