but this was not a holy war. Like Duke William’s conquest of England, it was an opportunistic land-grab under papal licence. And if William of Apulia and (in particular) Geoffrey of Malaterra were later to play up the religious element in these conflicts, it’s because they were writing after the First Crusade had been launched.15 Holy war was now all the rage, so it was natural to recast Robert
Haçlı Seferlerinin başlamasından sonra batı avrupada ota boka “crusade” ilan etme furyası doğuyor.