Imitation was the cornerstone of the principal medieval genre of biography, the form of religious biography known as hagiography.7 Christian martyrs imitated Jesus Christ by professing his message and dying for it; non-martyred saints, or confessors, likewise imitated him by professing (or ‘confessing’, hence the term) that message, but also imitated Christ’s suffering by enduring illness and practising asceticism.
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Tarihçilerin Ekonomik ve Demografik Değişimi Tespit Edişi
Traditionally, historians have relied on tax records to estimate economic or demographic change in regions and individual towns but such sources are beset by a number of problems – the lengthy gaps between available records and the discrepancy between how taxation was levied in urban and rural areas to name but two.
İbretlik Fransız Sözü
In the words of an eighteenth-century French aristocrat: “bravery is in the blood, but courage is in the soul.
Russo ve Hobbes’a Göre Savaş
This dual face of war is often portrayed as a contrast between the ideas of seventeenth-century English philosopher Thomas Hobbes and eighteenth-century Genevan philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau. For the former, war is inevitable in that the natural state of humans is aggression and this is only controlled through the development of hierarchical and authoritative institutions. In this way “society” – and in particular the social and political institution of the state (“Leviathan”) – is what makes us behave less like the beasts we might be and more like the civilized humans we can become. For Rousseau, however, our natural state is a peaceful one and it is the development of these very same institutions, such as private property, that produces aggression.
Gibbon ve Amerikanın Bağımsızlığı Tesadüfü
With impeccable timing, in 1776 Edward Gibbon published the opening volume of his seminal history, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. In the year of the United States Declaration of Independence, at the exact moment when the revolt of the Thirteen Colonies was threatening to destroy Britain’s empire in America, the reading public was presented with an account of how a great and powerful empire might fall victim to its own success. In Gibbon’s account, the Roman Empire had fallen because it was overextended abroad, with territories so vast that they could not be controlled without relying on an army of mercenaries that sapped the strength of their economy; while Rome’s citizens, in turn, began to abandon the civic and military virtues of their forefathers, leading despotism to creep in at home even as they were menaced by invading hordes. The story of its ruin was ‘simple and obvious’: ‘the natural and inevitable effect of immoderate greatness.’
Britannia Rule The Waves Lafı
‘rule the waves’ was intended more as an urging for Britain to succeed than a glorification of Britain’s achievements when it debuted in 1740. The Royal Navy had not yet established itself as the dominant force at sea – it was only in the nineteenth century that the lyrics would be subtly transformed into ‘rules the waves’ as a statement of fact. In the 1740s, it was a song that looked to the future, with the hopeful anticipation that Britain would ‘rise’ ‘still more majestic’ through commerce and military victories abroad.
20.yyda Almanya Nasıl Güçlendi
The new German state was in an ideal position to create a strong economic empire even without the advantage of a worldwide network of colonies that could be exploited for resources and manpower. Germany had coal iron fertile lands in north tum avrupaya komsu
20.yyda Almanyada Antisemitizmin Olası Kökeni
Western economies saw an average rise in real wages of approximately 4 per cent between 1890 and 1914, Germany’s only rose by 1 per cent. Where did the accumulated wealth go? One answer is the so-called ‘invisible sector’ of financial services, which directed immense profits into the hands of a new elite of investors. Germany became the world’s third-largest creditor nation, and internally German banks controlled much of the cash flow, centralising it into large syndicates rather than small businesses. From this, a long history of suspicion against bankers and the financial elites emerged, which intertwined conveniently with the constant undercurrents of anti-Semitism.
İngiliz Çiftçilerin Sefilliği
Çiftlik işçileri inanılmaz iğrenç koşullarda yaşıyordu. Gazeteci ve reformcu William Cobbett, Rural Rides (1830) (Kır Gezintileri) adlı kitabında buna değinmişti: “Hayatım boyunca buna benzer bir insan sefilliğine tanık olmadım; evet, Amerika’ nın özgür zencileri arasında bile.”32 1800′ de ortalama bir İngiliz çiftlik işçisinin yaşam standardı, şimdinin Üçüncü Dünya geçimlik tarım işçilerine göre çok daha düşüktü. 18. ve 19. yüzyıl Britanyası’nın pis, paçavralara sarınmış, ekmek, peynir ve suyla beslenerek zar zor hayatta kalan köy işçileri ile ressamların ve tebrik kartı şirketlerinin pek sevdiği sevimli, elma yanaklı köylü tiplemesinin uzaktan yakından alakası yoktu
Kanunlar ve halkın bilinçaltı
Henry Charles Lea’nin iddia ettiği gibi kanunnameler bir toplumun özlemlerini yansıtan şeyler olarak görülebilirler veya başka bir deyişle, insanların nelerden kaygılandıklarını ve bu kaygıların arkasında nelerin yattığını yansıtırlar.