Henry naively imagined that an annulment of his marriage to Katherine would be straightforward. There were ample precedents to this effect: among them, Louis XII of France had divorced his wife to marry Anne of Brittany, and Henry’s own sister Margaret, the widow of James IV, had managed to have her second marriage dissolved. In April 1527, Henry informed Wolsey in confidence of his deep ‘scruples’ about the validity of his marriage, but to spare himself embarrassment concealed from him his intention to make Anne his queen. By taking this evasive approach, he hamstrung Wolsey from the outset. Henry’s argument was that the papal bull of dispensation secured by his father from Pope Julius II in 1504, granting him permission to marry his deceased brother’s widow, was in contravention of Scripture and should never have been issued. He maintained that he and Katherine were living in sin, on account of which God had denied him living sons by her. Henry therefore asked Wolsey in his capacity as a leading churchman to ‘examine’ his case and ‘cleanse’ his conscience by arranging a divorce.
Dönem: Erken Modern
Henry VIII İskoç Kralını Savaşta Öldürüyor
Henry did have something to boast about after James IV of Scotland threatened him. Henry VII had married his elder daughter, Margaret, to James as part of a peace accord, but seeing an opportunity to steal a march on his brother-in-law while the latter was away in France, James crossed the frontier with an army. Like his royal predecessors, Henry VIII claimed to be the Scottish king’s feudal overlord. In order to humble James, he ordered Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey (later Duke of Norfolk), across the River Tweed with an army. In atrocious weather at the Battle of Flodden on 9 September 1513, and on soaking, slippery ground, Surrey’s men killed James and a large proportion of his nobility in a bloody battle, leaving Henry’s sister as the regent in Scotland during a long royal minority.
Henry VIII ve Arthurian Legends
Henry acted as his co-host, greeting him at Winchester. There, he proudly took him on a visit to admire the vast wooden disc known as King Arthur’s Round Table in the great hall of the castle. By this time, Henry had read the French chronicles of Jean le Bel and Jean Froissart that described in thrilling detail Edward III’s fabled victory at Crécy and Henry V’s at Agincourt during the Hundred Years War. He had eagerly devoured the tales of chivalry from the Arthurian romances, almost certainly from Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte D’Arthur in William Caxton’s printed edition of 1485, so laying down the foundations of his own claim to the throne of France.
Henry VIII arthur efsanelerine kendisini kaptırıyor ve bu gazla fransa krallığına claim atabileceğine inanıyor.
Charles’ın Divine Right of King Görüşü
Charles’s religious beliefs have traditionally been more associated with the political theory of the ‘divine right of kings’, the concept elucidated by his father but embraced with less compromise by the son. But to assume that Charles’s ‘divine right’ was a kind of backward-looking, superstitiously unrealistic view of kingly power is to prejudge the issue. In other European monarchies at this time, it was precisely this kind of thinking that was reducing the part played by the ‘Estates’ in government and exalting the monarch’s. Charles’s problem was that he attempted to expound this theory in a political atmosphere that was widely unreceptive to it, and that he seemed to possess the diplomatic skills of a spoilt child.
Charles I Dönemi Sivil Savaş
The gentleman’s war between king and Parliament had turned truly vicious. While rash soldiers had once whispered of the deposition of the king, Charles was now openly referred to as ‘that man of blood’ in army councils. This second civil war erased the mounting sympathy for a royal restoration. In the army there was talk of a trial; in Parliament, discussions focused on a final round of peace proposals, but no one now trusted the king.
Charles I Devrinde İrlanda
Ireland became a Catholic majority ruled by a Protestant minority. The Irish population was divided into three: the native Gaelic Catholics who comprised the largest number; the Catholic old English, descended from the families who had administered Ireland before the Protestant Reformation; and the Protestant new English, many of them actually Scots who were planted on lands more recently seized.
Mary I Karşıtı Propaganda
Anti-government propaganda in southern England stressed two related points: the harm which would follow if Roman Catholicism were to be restored, as the queen clearly intended, and the added danger of Spanish oppression if Philip and his entourage were to establish themselves in England. What later become known as the Black Legend of Spanish cruelty, which had begun in Italy in the late Middle Ages, was faithfully relayed to the English public by Wyatt and his spokesmen. People were told that, judging by the current experience of Spanish government in Milan, Naples and the Netherlands, they could expect violence and cruelty, perhaps even including the Spanish Inquisition.
Act of Union ile Britanya Deniz Gücü Oluyor
Navy ships now flew a new flag – the Union Jack, which combined the English cross of St George and the Scottish saltire. That meant that one major part of the Navy’s role – guarding England’s back door from Scottish attack – had come to an end. Up until the coming of the Stuarts the English could never truly think of themselves as an island people because they shared their landmass with an inveterate enemy. But now England was without question the dominant power in its archipelago. This hardened the island mentality and freed its ambitions to become a global, rather than a regional power.
İngilterenin Hollandada Denge Siyaseti
Queen Elizabeth was an astute strategist. She knew she could never defeat Philip. She did not even want to be an imperial rival in the New World. What she wanted was stability in the Netherlands: Spanish lordship over autonomous cities and provinces, not domination. For if Philip was pushed out of the Netherlands the French could step in, and that would be disastrous for England. But if Philip grew too strong in the Netherlands he could use the provinces as a base for invading England.
İngilizlerin Newfoundlandı Keşfi
In August 1497 Cabot rode from the docks of Bristol directly to Henry VII. He reported his startling news. He had set sail in May on a tiny fifty-ton caravel called the Matthew with a crew of twenty. After thirty-five days’ sailing west into the Atlantic they sighted land. Cabot and his crew stepped ashore onto this new world. They did not advance further than the shooting distance of a crossbow. In that time they found nets, wooden tools, footprints and the remains of a fire, but saw no actual humans. They raised English and papal banners and claimed this ‘New Found Land’ for Henry VII.
Cabot believed he had found the eastern fringes of the great empire of Cathay – China. Henry gave him patents to continue exploring the far side of the Atlantic, and merchandise to carry to the New Found Land on five ships, one of which was funded by the king himself. The fleet left Bristol in 1498. And that was the last that was ever heard of John Cabot. Neither he nor his ships ever returned.